Case Study of Marketing Christmas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study of Marketing Christmas - Essay Example The management styles and thought processes of the prevailing business organisations has led to major improvements in the business activities and hence, the scope of business opportunities has multiplied. Moreover, the free trade policies have further encouraged the business organisations to enter into new markets with greater opportunities as the regional trade alliances became an integral part of the economic growth oriented strategy (Parker, 2005, p.303). With these developments, many new business concepts, theories and model have evolved and business organisations are using these concepts for better business managements. Business organisations have realized that there is very close relationship between the business activities and various aspects of society and culture. The social and cultural aspects offer major business opportunities and the business organisations are using their strategic moves to identify and cater to these opportunities (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2008, p. 349). For example, Christmas celebration in the Western countries offers greater business opportunities to the Chinese economy as the manufacturers from China produce and export low cost Christmas gifts, cards to the European markets. In this process, the business organisations are also exposed to multiple risk factors that may bring fatal consequences to a business. However, the emergence of the contemporary business and marketing theories has facilitated better techniques to counter these risks. Christmas as the ‘grand celebration of consumption’ Christmas celebrations are today driven by the marketing strategies of the sellers of Christmas products. Business houses aim to create the ‘air of celebration’ and create a festive atmosphere which drives the customer to jump start the festive bandwagon. Marketers consider the festive seasons as an opportunity where they can employ marketing strategies to double and treble their sales as compared to that in a normal y ear. Very often, New Year and Christmas sales accounts for more than half of the sales in other years. Marketers exploit this opportunity by tempting the customers to buy festive products. As demonstrated by Belk and Bryce (1993), Christmas is nothing but a â€Å"grand celebration of consumption† (Belk & Bryce, 1993), where consumers flock to the markets for products which they actually do not need. Based on their observation, it can be said that the trend of shopping has undergone a drastic change over the years. They have also claimed that today ‘Christmas shopping increasingly reflects the search for the disintegrated self while it decreasingly reflects the celebration of home and family† (Belk & Bryce, 1993). Belk and Bryce have explained this in terms of materialism, which is a complex and multifaceted concept and has been popularised through the media. This happened in response to America’s preoccupation with the consumer goods and materialism. Severa l studies have been undertaken with regard to materialism. Inglehart has put forward that materialism demonstrates itself through the extent to which social groups or nations emphasise on the value involving material things or objects. Influenced by the needs hierarchy presented by Maslow, he proposed that the western world has been able to satisfy majority of human’s needs and requirements involving material

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay Example for Free

Chiquita Banana Overview Essay Chiquita Brands International, Inc. is one of the most important international marketers and distributors of food products derived from bananas, as well as other fruits and healthy snack products. Chiquita Banana revenues for about $3 billion dollars a year and employs more than 21,000 people and operates in about 70 countries worldwide. Chiquita Banana  together with Dole, Del Monte and Fyffes control about 80% of the global banana market. In 1993 the EU created the Common Organization of the Market in Bananas (COMB) to deal with the harsh competition between these companies. They would allow duty free access to the EU but subject to quotas to bananas from the Africa’s, Caribbean and Pacific, while bananas from Latin America were subject to an import tax of 176 Euros per ton and a quota of 2533 t. As an American company we have decided to take advantage of the new treaty restricting Latin American and ACP countries from exporting bananas to the EU. It will not be an easy task because we still have to compete against European banana producers, but we are an established company and we are determined to benefit from this event and gain market share in the European Union. PESTEL analysis for the European Union POLITICAL: †¢The European Union is composed of 28 member states. †¢The EU has created a single market by standardizing laws within the member states. †¢Some of the objectives of creating this union is to create a better flow on the circulation of goods, capital, people and services within the union. Once a good or service is accepted within the union it is protected from customs, taxes and import quotas as long as they remain within the union. †¢Free movement of capital is intended to allow investment of properties between countries, something that could help banana growers since they can look for more fertile land in neighboring countries. †¢The monetary policy is the Eurozone and is governed by the European Central Bank. ECONOMIC: †¢The European Union’s GDP is ranked as number one in the world accounting for $16.58 trillion dollars. †¢Export goods account for $1.687 trillion, some of the main export partners of the European union are: oUS 17.3% China 8.5% Switzerland 7.9% Russia 7.3% Turkey 4.5 % †¢Food, drinks and tobacco account for 5.9% †¢Import of goods account for $2.302 trillion dollars and the main import partners are: China 16.2% Russia 11.9% US 11.5% Switzerland 5.8% Norway 5.6% †¢Food, drinks and tobacco account for 5.2% of import goods. †¢The service sector is the most important one in the EU making up 69% of the GDP followed by the manufacturing industry with 28.4% GDP and agriculture for only 2.3% of GDP †¢The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the EU and currently represents 40-50% of the EU’s total spending. SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS: †¢There is limited data on European children’s fruit intake, but the data shows that the average fruit intake is about 141 g per day. Fruit intake is highest in Austria and Portugal and is the lowest in Iceland and Spain. †¢Girls and women consume more fruits and vegetables and boys and men do, there is no simple explanation to this but it’s believed to be because women in general are more concerned about their weight and keeping a slim fit figure. †¢Children tend to eat less fruit as they age, but it’s the exact opposite with adults. Intake levels increase with age, possibly because income and knowledge increases and one becomes more aware of the benefits of good eating habits. †¢Men once they are married have an increase in fruit intake. Women seem to have an impact on their husband’s fruit intake as well as the variety of fruits eaten. Women tend to handle ‘health-related’ issues more commonly than men so they tend to buy and cook more food than men. †¢Children’s fruit intake levels directly correlate with how much their parents consume. But pressure to eat fruit does not positively affect children’s intake, but it is enhanced when parents are good role-models and encourage them to eat fruits and vegetables. †¢People with self-efficacy tendencies have a higher fruit intake in adults, also people with a high self-esteem tend to eat more fruits and vegetables because they take their health into account. TECHNOLOGICAL: †¢The EU is funding a project for pesticide free fruits and vegetables by removing the threat of fruit flies. Helping farmers meet customers’ demands for safe fruits while being environmentally conscious. oThe project pretend to use an insect attractant to draw insects and pathogens such as: infectious micro-organisms, virus, fungus that cause diseases in fungus. oThis attractant will be applied in the form of an insect trap near plantations to take bugs away from plantations, this will be a long-lasting and biodegradable baiting station. †¢Europe is becoming more conscious about maintaining a cleaner environment, the EU is committed to providing a better future for the next generations. So they specialize on clean energy, from turbines in Germany to solar panels in Spain, and countries across the EU are using natural resources of sustainable energy bringing investment to businesses and citizens. LEGAL: †¢With the birth of the Single European Market in 1993 the Common Market Organization for Bananas was put into effect (COMB). COMB is concerned on the importation, sale and distribution of bananas. †¢A policy was set in motion allowing EU suppliers to export duty free bananas to all EU states. Also quotas were set for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) imposing import licenses for a fixed rate of volume of bananas, and limited imports through excessively high tariffs. oA quota of 857,000 tons for duty free access from ACP countries †¢Three types of licenses were issued in order to regulate this quota to ACP countries †¢Third countries that were not considered in the quota are subject to a tariff of Ecu 850 per ton. †¢In order to prevent any loss of income by EU banana producers a compensation of payments for 850,000 tons were granted in case the prices fell below the production costs. ENVIRONMENTAL: †¢Flat-free water chargers are common in some countries in Europe. This does not encourage efficient behavior to households and agriculture according to a report from the European Environment Agency (EEA). †¢The EEA is considering water pricing in the following countries: Croatia, England and wales, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scotland, Serbia, Slovenia and Spain. †¢In most countries, farmers are allowed to use as much water as they want  for a flat rate. By charging the amount of water used in Europe it prognosticated to cut down on water used by agriculture for about 10 – 20 %. This will push farmers to not only cut down on their water consumption but to invest on better irrigation system as well as fixing water leaks. †¢The general population in the European Union seem to support this motion to cut down water overuse, about 84% of the population agree with this principle. Marketing Mix In order to better penetrate the European market we have to better understand our own products, so a marketing mix was created to see what we can offer to the market and this will help us to better oversee our operations in the European market. PRODUCT: Chiquita banana takes pride in their first class bananas. But banana consumption vary from country to country so they have other products to fulfill the change in each countries demand. They always keep in mind the environment and consumer’s health, so they have products that meet these two qualifications, products such as: readymade salads, fruit snacks. An independent survey was conducted about people’s preferences and attitudes about bananas, and the poll indicated that the taste of Chiquita bananas was better than competing brands and people preferred it 2 to 1 to the leading brand. The bananas by Chiquita banana are 100% organic approved and certified by the USDA which means that they adhere to the requirements and meet the organic standards of growing bananas. PRICE: These are the prices for bananas per metric ton for the last few months. Bananas prices vary depending on the location where they are being sold. In France the average price for a kg is about $2.00 dollars. In Spain is about $1.00 per kg. But these prices tend to fluctuate with the seasons as well, and some variables take place to why this happens. One of the reasons is that bananas grow in tropical areas so they need hot weather to grow, but it’s harder to maintain them fresh during summer. PLACE: Chiquita banana sells its products internationally to about 70 countries worldwide. The majority of the products grown come from South America and the Caribbean which are then sent to distribution centers. Europe is the largest consumer and importer of bananas in the world, so this would be the best place for the largest banana producer in the world to invest and tap into this gold mine. In the year 2011 people living in the European Union consumed an estimate of 5 million tons of bananas and about 4.6 million tons were imported. Europe would be the best market to try to penetrate and take market share from. Sweden, UK, Denmark, Finland and Portugal are the main consumers of bananas in Europe (see Appendix A). These are the countries within the EU for Chiquita banana to penetrate first. PROMOTION: The way that Chiquita banana promotes their product is very innovative. They have sticker contests and they encourage people to send drawings for possible logos for their stickers. But their latest promotion is endorsing the charismatic minion characters from the movie Despicable Me, they have even worked on an app game available for apple and droid. The point of this game is to run and get as many bananas as possible without running into any obstacles. There is no record for the increase in sales of Chiquita bananas yet because the game is recent, but it’s safe to say that this gamification strategy will work well for the company. Also, as a part of their promotion they attend school lunches, celebrate major anniversaries and sponsor Olympics. They use the slogan â€Å"quite possibly, The World’s Perfect Food† SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢Chiquita Banana is number one in the fruit market in the world and sells its products to more than 70 countries worldwide. †¢The company had a $3 billion dollar revenue last year. †¢Its net income is about $405 million dollars. †¢The company is committed to being socially responsible A decade ago they implemented social accountability 8000 which has helped improve their practices to better serve the community. â€Å"SA 8000 provides standards based on national laws, international human rights norms and the conventions of the International Labor Organization. Management system  requirements ensure that these standards are consistently implemented over time, and independent audits and certification help measure progress and identify areas for improvement.† WEAKNESSES: †¢The company has not been able to reach out to consumers in Europe, they had a $2 million profit during the last quarter, better compared to the previews year where there was an $11 million loss. †¢Sales fell 2% from $793 million to $774 million in one year. †¢There was an 18 an article was published of ‘Chiquita secrets revealed’ by the enquirer, where the company had been accused of mistreating workers in Central America, polluting the environment and allowing cocaine to be brought to the US in its ships. OPPORTUNITIES: †¢With the new regulations from 1993 the European market has opened for banana companies that do not belong to the ACP countries and Latin America. †¢Our opportunities go hand in hand with the highest consumers of bananas in the EU. According to appendix A, they are: oSweden UK Denmark Finland Portugal †¢These are the first countries that we must try to focus our internationalization efforts into, since they are the highest consumers of our product. †¢Even with the new regulations by COMB Chiquita banana has no real competition from European banana growers, European countries are not optimal for banana growth. Chiquita banana can bring larger quantities at competing prices. THREATS: †¢Some of the threats come from competing companies like: Dole, Del Monte and Fyffes. †¢The analysis of this figure shows Chiquita’s market share shrinking from 1966 to 1995 and then remaining constant at 25% market share. †¢We can also observe that for the year 2007 Dole Company had a bigger market share than Chiquita. †¢Chiquita has to be attentive of the existing competing brands but also the new incoming brands that are stealing market share from the company. Internationalization Strategy and Viability As already stated before, the European Market is the biggest consumer and importer of bananas. Which is why we are interested in creating an internationalization strategy in order to visualize which cities in the European market target more specifically. There is a map in appendix A portraying the European Countries and an estimate of banana consumption, we can see that the northern countries together with Portugal enjoy eating bananas the most. Then we can see a ranking list with the countries that consume the most bananas in Europe, with Sweden being on top of the list. Chiquita banana Co. gets their product from the countries with a yellow dot. Since these are countries that have hot and humid temperature, adequate for banana growth. This map shows us that that in order for the bananas to be shipped from this countries to the EU they have to be shipped in a boat that has to travel the Atlantic for about 6,000 miles. These bananas are stored and refrigerated. This crossing of the A tlantic takes an average of 5 days and the bananas are refrigerated to a temperature between 13.5 and 15 C stalling ripening. Even though flavor and consistency remain virtually intact, this voyage shortens the shelf life to be 7-10 days. Portugal would be a strategic point for the company’s internationalization strategy. A logistics platform could be set up in Porto, a northern city in Portugal, this way we can kill two birds with one rock. We re-fuel the ships and get them ready for their journey to Sweden (our top priority in terms of distribution) and unload some containers to distribute Portugal’s banana demand. Aside from Portugal the countries with the highest consumption of bananas per capita is in Northern Europe, so another logistic platform would be convenient as a final stop before the final destination in each country. Le Havre, France would be a convenient location since it is south of the UK and it is cheaper to have a distribution center there because the euro is not as strong as the sterling pound. Once we have our logistics platform set up in Le Havre we can make accommodatio ns and agreements with companies and retailers that handle fruits and vegetables belonging to the countries that have the highest banana consumption. We would deliver to the following  terminal or ports: †¢Gothenburg, Sweden †¢Brighton, UK †¢Skagen, Denmark †¢Finland is a little more inaccessible through the Baltic Sea, so we would ship Finland’s required bananas to Gothenburg, Sweden as well. From Sweden we could work another logistic route to get to Finland by truck. †¢Porto, Portugal †¢Le Havre, France CHANCE: Iceland is Europe’s top producer of bananas with their world of the art greenhouse installations, even though they rely on their technology they have to constantly monitor their products and create the proper environment for the bananas. This is where Chiquita banana has an opportunity since they don’t have to worry about creating the right conditions for banana growth, the company looks for a convenient location for banana growth and plants the fruit. This enables the company to worry solely on cropping and shipping. Another advantage that the company has over the biggest European banana producer is that, Chiquita banana can acquire bananas in massive quantities while Iceland’s producers have to create the environment to grow more bananas. This is unless the COMB sets a tighter quota. Incoterm An incoterm is a made up word composed of three words. ‘in’ means international, ‘co’ commerce and ‘term’ means term. Incoterms are used to describe the type of relationship between buyer and supplier and they type of contract they use to deliver and receive a product. POSSIBLE INCOTERMS FOR THE COMPANY As a seller the most optimal incoterm for the company would be to agree with the buyer of working with ‘Ex Works’ since the buyer would have to assume the transportation costs and the risks of brining the goods to their stores. I believe this to be very one sided and not efficient, since in order to maximize profits a business deal has to be long-term. Sooner or later one of  the competing brands could offer our buyers a better agreement and we would be out of business, so I would call this a ‘lose-lose situation’. Another option would be the exact opposite from ‘Ex works’ where the seller mantains most of the obligations and expenses while there is minimum for the buyere. This would be a DDP, here the â€Å"seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of the buyer, and pas all costs in bringing the goods to the destination including import duties and taxes. Seller is not responsible for unloading.† t his is also very one sided. My belief is that if we are going to have a long lasting relationship with our business partner we have to compromise, and here we would be taking all most of the bourden of the business deal. Solution As already stated before, in order to create a long lasting relationship with our business partners and maximize profits we have to compromize. Chiquita Banana is trying to gain marketshare in Europe, so the best thing we can do with our business partners is to share the transportation burden and costs. Deliverd at Terminal (DAT) incoterm would be the best viable solution for Chiquita and our buyers. We can promise to deliver the product fresh, safe and sound to the following city ports: Gothenburg, Brighton, Skagen, Porto and Le Havre. We can accept all costs and risks (except for import clearance costs) and from each terminal they can send the bananas to their respective distribution centers or directly to the retailers. That is up to our business partners to decide. It is safe to say that we are taking most of the costs, since it is expensive to cross the atlantic with ships and maintain the fruit at a certain temperature to keep it fresh. But in order to have our buyers support, we have to go the extra mile. This strategy at the same time will speed up the process of internationalization and market share gain for Chiquita Banana. Works Cited European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 Economy of the European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 Economy of the European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Intelligent Approaches to Achieving Pesticide-free Produce. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. CHAPTER 3 BANANA IMPORTING COUNTRIES AND TRADE POLICIES. The World Banana Economy, 1985-2002. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Water: Charging Full Cost Can Encourage More Efficient Use. —. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Chiquita.com Chiquita Organic Bananas: Organic Food. Chiquita.com Chiquita Organic Bananas: Organic Food. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Europe Largest Banana Importer Worldwide. Europe Largest Banana Importer Worldwide. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Chiquita.com Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business. Chiquita.com Social Responsibility Is How We Conduct Business. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Chiquita Banana Sales Remain Weak in Europe. Chiquita Banana Sales Remain Weak in Europe. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013 Chiquita Brands International. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Banana. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Martin Stott. Iceland: Europe’s Biggest Producer of Bananas. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Economy of the European Union. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Oct. 2013. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

The Grandmother in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find :: O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to Find

The Grandmother in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’Connor is a master of the ironic, the twisted, and the real. Life is filled with tragic irony, and she perfectly orchestrates situations which demonstrate this to the fullest extent. A Good Man is Hard to Find is an excellent example of the mangled viewpoint which makes her work as compelling and striking as it is. Although this story is told in the third person, the reader’s eyes are strictly controlled by the meddling, ever-involved grandmother. She is never given a name; she is just a generic grandmother; she could belong to anyone. O’Connor portrays her as simply annoying, a thorn in her son’s side. As the little girl June Star rudely puts it, â€Å"She has to go everywhere we go. She wouldn’t stay at home to be queen for a day† (117-118). As June Star demonstrates, the family treats the grandmother with great reproach. Even as she is driving them all crazy with her constant comments and old-fashioned attitude, the reader is made to feel sorry for her. It is this constant stream of confliction that keeps the story boiling, and eventually overflows into the shocking conclusion. Of course the grandmother meant no harm, but who can help but to blame her? O’Connor puts her readers into a fit of rage as â€Å"the horrible thought† comes to the gra ndmother, â€Å"that the house she had remembered so vividly was not in Georgia but in Tennessee† (125). O’Connor uses many symbols to warn the reader of the impending doom that is about to befall the unknowing travelers. The grandmother is, of course, worried about The Misfit, and, not surprisingly, the family brushes off her concern. Here again is another conflict. If the grandmother can be blamed for the accident, can the family then be blamed for taking the trip in the first place? The grandmother warned them didn’t she? This may sound foolish, but it does follow the same logic. The grandmother also foreshadows the horrible events to come with her choice of attire to ride in the car. The â€Å"purple spray of cloth violets† (118) that she had placed on her blouse were to serve a purpose. The Grandmother in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find :: O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to Find The Grandmother in Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’Connor is a master of the ironic, the twisted, and the real. Life is filled with tragic irony, and she perfectly orchestrates situations which demonstrate this to the fullest extent. A Good Man is Hard to Find is an excellent example of the mangled viewpoint which makes her work as compelling and striking as it is. Although this story is told in the third person, the reader’s eyes are strictly controlled by the meddling, ever-involved grandmother. She is never given a name; she is just a generic grandmother; she could belong to anyone. O’Connor portrays her as simply annoying, a thorn in her son’s side. As the little girl June Star rudely puts it, â€Å"She has to go everywhere we go. She wouldn’t stay at home to be queen for a day† (117-118). As June Star demonstrates, the family treats the grandmother with great reproach. Even as she is driving them all crazy with her constant comments and old-fashioned attitude, the reader is made to feel sorry for her. It is this constant stream of confliction that keeps the story boiling, and eventually overflows into the shocking conclusion. Of course the grandmother meant no harm, but who can help but to blame her? O’Connor puts her readers into a fit of rage as â€Å"the horrible thought† comes to the gra ndmother, â€Å"that the house she had remembered so vividly was not in Georgia but in Tennessee† (125). O’Connor uses many symbols to warn the reader of the impending doom that is about to befall the unknowing travelers. The grandmother is, of course, worried about The Misfit, and, not surprisingly, the family brushes off her concern. Here again is another conflict. If the grandmother can be blamed for the accident, can the family then be blamed for taking the trip in the first place? The grandmother warned them didn’t she? This may sound foolish, but it does follow the same logic. The grandmother also foreshadows the horrible events to come with her choice of attire to ride in the car. The â€Å"purple spray of cloth violets† (118) that she had placed on her blouse were to serve a purpose.

Ethical Judgements

1. Ethical judgements limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss.a. What areas of knowledge & ways of knowing should be investigated? The arts, the natural sciences, ethicsb. What’s the question getting at? The question is asking about the way in which ethical judgements can impinge on the way we both create (rather than interpret) the arts and the natural sciences. Basically, it’s leading students on to an exploration of controversies within the arts and the natural sciences in terms of the subject matter they deal with.c. What are the potential knowledge issues? To what extent do ethical considerations constrain the way the arts are created? To what extent do ethical considerations limit natural science experimentation and research? For more ideas, check out section 10 of the Essay Guide.d. What sort of real life situations can be drawn on? We’re interested in examples of where artists and scien tists have been hampered (or encouraged) by ethical judgements. There are many ready-made examples for the natural sciences. For the arts, it is perhaps not so straightforward, but there are still lots of examples of ethically questionable works of art. In terms of counterclaims, it is the arts that are better served by real life situations, with plenty of pieces produced in order to tackle (and produce) ethical judgements.But here, too, you should be able to find scientific knowledge that has been discovered in order to solve ethical problems. You’ll find more specific examples, in the last section of the Guide.e. What are the difficulties and challenges of this question? The question is perhaps a little confusingly worded, but it is clear in terms of the areas of knowledge to be tackled. Including personal examples will be trickier in this question than finding outside examples.2. â€Å"When the only tool you have is a hammer, all problems begin to resemble nails† (A braham Maslow). How might this apply to ways of knowing, as tools, in the pursuit of knowledge?a. What areas of knowledge & ways of knowing should be investigated? The question is a broad one, and allows students to focus on their own choice of WOKs. It also potentially allows students to bring in the AOKs as well – particularly natural/human sciences (the scientific method), history (the historical method), and the arts (creation of art).b. What’s the question getting at? The question asks students to consider the way in which WOKs are used to provide us with knowledge.The quote suggests that if we view WOKs in too narrow and homogenous a way, it could limit the amount and type of knowledge we are able to acquire. The question requires students to consider the nature of each way of knowing, and try to think a little more creatively about each one; in addition, students could also consider how the areas of knowledge can themselves act as ways of knowing – ie, in terms of the scientific or historical method, and in terms of art as a way of knowing rather than an area of knowledge. Given that this is a question for the 2008 curriculum, its focus are the four ways of knowing (emotion, language, reason, sense perception).A quick look at the new curriculum will provide new possibilities for this, and perhaps provide a key to approaching the question (considering the validity of faith, imagination, intuition, memory).c. What are the potential knowledge issues? Are the four ways of knowing the only means of acquiring knowledge? Do we acquire knowledge only through the ways of knowing, or can it be acquired via the areas of knowledge? For more ideas, check out section 10 of the Essay Guide..d. What sort of real life situations can be drawn on? Given how broad the question potentially is, there is a large range of real life situations that can be drawn on. You’ll find more specific examples, in the last section of the Guide.e. What are the d ifficulties and challenges of this question? The quote is a lovely one, and it could lead on to some interesting knowledge issue discussion. However, the non-specific nature of the question (not only does it not stipulate which WOKs/AOKs, it also does not mention how many should be considered) means that it will be very easy to go astray with this question. Responses have to narrow down specific examples of how the ways of knowing can sometimes impeded our pursuit of knowledge if we do not apply them in an imaginative way.3. â€Å"Knowledge is nothing more than the systematic organisation of facts.† Discuss this statement in relation to two areas of knowledge.a. What areas of knowledge & ways of knowing should be investigated? This is another broad question, although unlike title no.2, it does state how many WOKs/AOKs should be tackled (two AOKs). Given this, it would make sense to focus on two distinct AOKs, such as ethics and natural sciences, or the arts and history.b. Wha t’s the question getting at? The question asks students to consider the nature of knowledge within their two chosen AOKs. ‘Systematic organization of facts’ suggests quantitative knowledge; students must consider to what extent this is true, and then offer a counter-claim in which they discuss how much qualitative knowledge, and other forms of knowledge the particular AOKs consist of. Students should bear in mind that the title implies a process – ie, ‘organizing facts’, rather than a static type of knowledge – ie, ‘organized facts’; the two possible meanings could lead to different types of essays. A clear definition of ‘facts’ needs to be provided in the introduction, to give responses a firm footing.c. What are the potential knowledge issues? To what extent can we build up a thorough understanding of the human/natural sciences by processing purely quantitative knowledge? To what extent does ethical knowledge involve the consideration of factual information? For more ideas, check out section 10 of the Essay Guide.d. What sort of real life situations can be drawn on? Real life situations can be taken easily from personal experiences related to the AOKs chosen, so students can think about the level of the understanding they have built up by dealing with systemized facts. You’ll find more specific examples, in the last section of the Guide.e. What are the difficulties and challenges of this question? Given that the essay is clear about its scope, this question is probably easier to approach than question 2. Having said that, it depends on how students tackle this notion of ‘systemized facts’. If they do so in terms of ‘natural science consists of systemized facts’, they may have problems; if they do so in terms of ‘natural science consists of building up systemized facts’, they will be able to tackle the question more easily.4. â€Å"That whic h is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.† Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge.a. What areas of knowledge & ways of knowing should be investigated? Similar to question 3, this title asks students to consider two AOKs. The question lends itself to AOKs that offer more objective, yet regularly updated, knowledge, such as history, the human sciences, and the natural sciences. Ethics also ties in very well, and could link up very nicely with history.b. What’s the question getting at? The question is referring to the extent to which knowledge is subject to review and revisionism over time. Thus, although we may believe we possess objective facts, from a different perspective gained by progress, such facts become re-interpreted in the light of new evidence, discoveries, technology, or societal trends. In short, the question is asking students the extent to which knowledge is provisional. Note the use of the word ‘sometimes’, though, meaning that you shouldn’t make generalizations about the whole of knowledge.c. What are the potential knowledge issues? To what extent does historical knowledge need revision? Are there any theories or laws in the human sciences that have withstood the test of time? For more ideas, check out section 10 of the Essay Guide.d. What sort of real life situations can be drawn on? In terms of the AOKs mentioned above, appropriate real life situations may involve a way of interpreting a past event, a method of studying human behaviour, knowledge about the natural world, or an accepted way of behaving. In terms of personal examples, students can easily apply their own learning of a particular subject (related to one of the AOKs they have selected), and how their understanding of it has been subject to change over time. You’ll find more specific examples, in the last section of the Guide.e. What are the difficulties and challenges of this ques tion? This is a more straightforward question to get to grips with, as it focuses on a concept that should be familiar to most students.5. â€Å"The historian’s task is to understand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future.† To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge?a. What areas of knowledge & ways of knowing should be investigated? This question is clearly focused on history and the human sciences. It could require some consideration of the method used by both historians and human scientists, in an attempt to gauge the purpose of each one.b. What’s the question getting at? The question asks students to consider the purpose of both AOKs, and decide to what extent one merely looks back, and one looks forward. Obviously, the title is a rather arbitrary one: there can’t be only one purpose to an AOK, and AOKs overlap hugely anyway (particularly history and the human sciences). So students should use the ques tion for a launching pad into a more wide-ranging discussion of the aim of both AOKs, not, perhaps, sticking quite so rigidly to the assertion implicit in the title.c. What are the potential knowledge issues? To what extent is history only focused on past events? To what extent do the  human sciences aim to change the way societies behave? For more ideas, check out section 10 of the Essay Guide.d. What sort of real life situations can be drawn on? The arguments for this essay need to be based on history studies that have been done only in the context of the past, and human science cases that have not drawn on past events. Counterclaims need to contrast those RLSs – which will be much easier to do. You’ll find more specific examples, in the last section of the Guide.e. What are the difficulties and challenges of this question? The two AOKs are very similar ones – indeed, outside the world of TOK, history is a human science, so students may find it hard to contr ast the respective methods used, and knowledge that is acquired. Historians often work alongside human scientists, and vice versa, in order to understand past, present, and future societies, so using such an arbitrary and contrived statement will present problems for students. Finally, talking of an overriding ‘purpose’ for AOKs is fraught with difficulties: can we say there is one reason why historians/human scientists do their respective jobs? Having said all that, there’s plenty of scope to attack the question!6. â€Å"A skeptic is one who is willing to question any knowledge claim, asking for clarity in definition, consistency in logic and adequacy of evidence† (adapted from Paul Kurtz, 1994). Evaluate this approach in two areas of knowledge.a. What areas of knowledge & ways of knowing should be investigated? This is the third title that asks students to consider two non-specific areas of knowledge, and the fifth one that focuses on AOKs rather than WO Ks. For this title, appropriate AOKs are ones that make knowledge claims of which people can ‘question†¦asking for clarity in definition, consistency in logic and adequacy of evidence’. In other words, AOKs that require clear evidence to support the knowledge they deal with. Although this could conceivably work with any AOK, the arts are trickier to use within this title, as is mathematics.b. What’s the question getting at? The question provides a framework (ie the way a skeptic approaches knowledge) that can be applied to the two AOKs. As outlined in ‘e’, what this framework leads us onto is not immediately apparent. Presumably, the essay is supposed to assess how well this approach can be applied to the chosen AOKs, in order to provide us with certain knowledge.c. What are the potential knowledge issues? To what extent does the natural sciences/human sciences/history/ethics require logic and evidence in order to acquire knowledge? For more ide as, check out section 10 of the Essay Guide.d. What sort of real life situations can be drawn on? Appropriate RLSs depend on the AOKs chosen, but what is needed here are RLSs that illustrate how the approach can work, and RLSs indicating that such an approach is not always effective. You’ll find more specific examples, in the last section of the Guide.e. What are the difficulties and challenges of this question? The difficulties are in working out what the question wants students to do with the skeptics’ approach to knowledge. Does it want students to assess how well this approach works in the two AOKs (ie whether it leads us to certain knowledge)? Does it want students to assess whether such an approach can be used at all? Does it want us to focus on the skeptic, or on the AOK?

My Mom is My Hero

There are many other definitions of what a hero may be. Some may say heroes are noted for their â€Å"feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life†. Some may often see them as mythological legends, â€Å"endowed with great courage and strength, and celebrated for their bold exploits. † In my personal view a hero can be anyone of who you could relate to, and also more importantly stands up for what they believe. Does everyone have a hero? I don’t know but all I could say is that I do.And she is not found in a comic book or in the TV she is found right here at this little warm place that I call home. Who could this hero be? It’s my mom, Lucia Espinal. She is my hero because she works hard, is a family woman, and more importantly she believes in me. First, heroes are hard to find all because they are diligent workers. My mother is very hard working. She has worked her whole life to get where she is now. For many years my mom has been the only provider for this family. After dad left us home without a cent to feed us, she went out to work each day to support this growing family.Second, In order to be a great hero, one must be likeable and family oriented. Family is very important to my mother. When I think of my mom I think of how strong she is and how she has helped me throughout my 15 years. There hasn’t been a time in my life where I was going through a hard time and my mom wasn’t there, guiding me through it. My mom is a very selfless person. She is always sure to make sure other people’s needs are full-filled before hers are. She cares for her 4 children as if we were the most valuable thing to the world. To her, we are the most valuable thing in the world.Furthermore, my mom is my hero because she was always there for me when I was feeling down and out. She would try to cheer me up and she usually did. She knew what kind of medication to give me when I was not feeling well or when I was hurt. My mom is my hero because she has been only one who stays when the people I think are my friends leave. She is my hero because she has always been there just in case u needed someone to talk to and she would always listen to me. My mother is my hero because she is hard working and cares for her family.

French Expressions Using Tenir

French Expressions Using Tenir The French verb tenir literally means to hold, keep, or grasp and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to keep in mind, have on good authority, keep an eye on someone, and more with this list of expressions with tenir. Examples of Expressions With Tenir tenir infinitive- to be anxious totenir ce que subjunctive- to be anxious thattenir quelque chose- to cherish somethingtenir bon- to hold ones groundtenir compagnie quelquun- to keep someone companytenir compte de- to keep in mind, to take into accounttenir debout (figuratively)- to hold watertenir de bonne source- to have on good authoritytenir de quelquun- to take after someonetenir le bon bout- to be on the right tracktenir le coup- to hold out, to make it throughtenir rigueur quelquun de ne pas- to hold it against someone for nottenir quelquun loeil- to keep an eye on someonetenir quelquun/quelque chose pour- to regard someone/something asen tenir pour quelquun- to fancy/have a crush on someoneil tient que- it depends onQu cela ne tienne.- Thats no problem.tenez votre gauche/droite- to keep to the left/rightTiens !- Hey there! or Take this.se tenir adjective- to behavese tenir quelque chose- to hold onto somethingse tenir au courant de quelque chose- to keep informed ab out something se tenir les cà ´tes- to split ones sides laughingUn tiens vaut mieux que deux tu lauras.- A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

Free Essays on Art & Censorship

Art has been around as long as imagination. There has been much controversy over art; some controversy has come up with artist such as Sally Mann and Andres Serrano’s. The public, along with legislators, cannot agree on what art is, what kind of art should be funded, and what art should be censored (if at all). The problem is that one person’s opinions cannot decided on what art is and if it should be censored. If art should ever be censored for any reason, it should be only to those not old enough to appreciate the true meaning and beauty of art. The first question is†¦what is art? No one person can ever really define art within a set of guidelines. Art is whatever you want it to be, it is an expression, one person’s opinions, art has been around since imagination, it is the story of a culture. According to the National Endowment for the Arts, â€Å"art, in all its forms, feeds and nurtures the soul of a society; provokes thought and debate; causes critical thinking; and fosters understanding of things foreign to our own immediate world. In the end, arts plays a primary role in encouraging healthy tolerance of the diversity in any culture.†# Therefore, one person, or even a group of people cannot really decided what can be considered art. Art has been around for a very long time and the issue with censorship has always been at hand. Public art has been controversial even before the Amendments were written up and before the National Endowment for the Arts were even established. The form and content of art is controversial because it attracts a storm of attention, passion, and controversy that raises this issue of censorship. The public is sensitive to topics such as nudity and viewing things that are not morally right and this is what causes so much controversy. Photographs can cause a great deal of controversy because of the... Free Essays on Art & Censorship Free Essays on Art & Censorship Art has been around as long as imagination. There has been much controversy over art; some controversy has come up with artist such as Sally Mann and Andres Serrano’s. The public, along with legislators, cannot agree on what art is, what kind of art should be funded, and what art should be censored (if at all). The problem is that one person’s opinions cannot decided on what art is and if it should be censored. If art should ever be censored for any reason, it should be only to those not old enough to appreciate the true meaning and beauty of art. The first question is†¦what is art? No one person can ever really define art within a set of guidelines. Art is whatever you want it to be, it is an expression, one person’s opinions, art has been around since imagination, it is the story of a culture. According to the National Endowment for the Arts, â€Å"art, in all its forms, feeds and nurtures the soul of a society; provokes thought and debate; causes critical thinking; and fosters understanding of things foreign to our own immediate world. In the end, arts plays a primary role in encouraging healthy tolerance of the diversity in any culture.†# Therefore, one person, or even a group of people cannot really decided what can be considered art. Art has been around for a very long time and the issue with censorship has always been at hand. Public art has been controversial even before the Amendments were written up and before the National Endowment for the Arts were even established. The form and content of art is controversial because it attracts a storm of attention, passion, and controversy that raises this issue of censorship. The public is sensitive to topics such as nudity and viewing things that are not morally right and this is what causes so much controversy. Photographs can cause a great deal of controversy because of the...

It Isnt About Luck

It Isnt About Luck You were lucky to have FundsforWriters to sell your books. I dont have that luxury. I hear this so much, in one version or another. First of all, there is no serious luck in this business. Its a matter of constantly putting yourself out there in terms of writing, publishing, appearing, working social media, fighting to be current, taking chances. There is no one right way or best way, only the way that happens to work for you at that moment in time. Frankly, I started FundsforWriters because I could NOT sell my mysteries. I wanted to be a writer and make an income from writing, so I figured any sort of reputable recognition could only help me in becoming a professional writer. As someone who loved stringing words, I walked through whatever door opened for me, wrote whatever might help me take one step further in my career. However, I had my conditions and parameters in who I wrote for and what I wrote and how I proceeded: 1) Markets had to pay. Even as a beginner, I recognized that being paid mattered not only in my pocketbook but also in the eyes of editors I pitched. They knew who paid and who didnt, and that mattered in their judgment of me. I wrote a column once for nothing, hoping to aid my resume, but after several issues, when the editor still could not afford to pay, I stepped away. And I learned that nobody cared that Id written that column. 2) I had to build and retain a following. I couldnt just write and build up credits. I had to have someplace to flaunt those credits (website, then social media) and some means to retain those people who read my work and liked it (newsletter). 3) Repetition matters. I wanted to become Google-able, which meant frequent and reputable appearances. If I wasnt on the first page of a Google search for my name, I strived to submit to enough magazines, websites, newsletters, and blogs to improve my search ranking. A book a year wasnt going to work. 4) Quality matters. Its a given that your writing quality matters, but be careful where you make your appearances. I wish I knew way back when what I know now about that. I wouldve been a tad more selective in some instances as to whom I wrote for. You might be new. You might be a struggling mid-lister. You might be seasoned and coming back into the fold, trying to remain pertinent. Fight to present yourself as strong, diligent, and reliable. Keep putting yourself out there, but dont give it away. People will respect you so much more.

In the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the attachment - Essay Example Its presence provides sanctity to the Gudwara, which is the place of worship of Sikh followers (2). Sikhism believes in concepts such as the universal acceptance of all humanity, belief in one God, the name of God is Truth (Sat Num), the equality of all persons irrespective of their caste, color, gender, nationality, and religion, and equality in sexes is emphasized (2). In addition, the ten Gurus of the religion are considered one with the Divine being, wherein each had divine attributes (Singh Chanal 11). Moreover, the Sikh philosophy is grounded in the spirit of freedom, which influenced its notion of social justice and freedom. Sikhism cherishes freedom not only for themselves but for others as well (Singh 1). The understanding of this religious tradition provides a more logical approach in a religious belief, since the teachings of Sikhism emphasizes that the True God encompasses all the names that are attributed to it by other religions and that there is only one God worshipped by any other religion. Sikhism also values equality of every individual and its aim for freedom for everyone is also a very noble act. Religion in many centuries has always been an integral dimension in many armed conflicts, due to the inherent differences in the religious beliefs and practices of different religions. The diversity of these traditions had been a constant hurdle in undergoing conflict resolutions (Hapviken 352). Thus, religion can have both positive and negative impacts on the efforts of peacemaking. Multidimensional approach is also fundamental in order to address the conflicts between different beliefs and inter-religious dialogue is the key part of this (Brajovic 186). Religious traditions imply its negative potential on the aspect wherein a member of one religion has a tendency to uphold strong religious

Income Concepts and Income statement Assignment

Income Concepts and Income statement - Assignment Example It is the most traditional method of determining the quality of the income. Through this way, the business can realize whether it made a profit or a loss. Analysts have however criticized this method arguing that it only focuses on short-term profits and losses, but not long term. They, however, discourage mostly businesses from using it. It is, however, the most common output generated by accounting software when analyzing the earnings of a company (Porter & Norton, 2012). Second, small businesses that earn their revenue through sales, sales growth is the most ideal metric to measure the quality of the earnings. It shows roughly the estimate of how the business is trending throughout time. The sales growth method measures the percentage of the earnings as a percentage of growth throughout a year. It is in terms of either positive sales growth or negative sales growth. Positive sales growth indicates that the business is growing while, on the contrary, negative sales growth shows that the sales have declined over the past year (Porter & Norton, 2012). Financial ratios can be used to determine the quality of the earnings of the firm. Using the company’s financial statements, there can be an easy computation of financial ratios. It is the most efficient and simplest way to determine the performance of a firm. If you focus on the right type of ratio, your analysis of the concern, you have can come out right. For instance, if you are most concerned with the ability of your firm to convert assets to cash for satisfying a short term goal, you may most probably calculate some liquidity ratios and see how many dollars of current assets you have for each dollar of current liabilities. It is usually useful to the business owner who has less time but needs quick information on the performance of the firm (Porter & Norton, 2012). Additionally, a firm can also use expense reduction as metric for determining the quality of income. The expense reduction

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Personal Statement Example It is my belief that working hard and aiming higher is the key to successful. Other short courses include HP Certificate in Photography obtained in the year 2007. I have successfully completed a non- academic course in Germany language and academic courses in French. I complicated a two-week Translation Course in Media under the Saudi Gazette (George Mason University, 2012). The following is my educational background. Between 2008 and 2009, I studied MA Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics in Essex University, Colchester in the United Kingdom. I achieved my diploma in Italian Language in The Italian Consulate Jeddah in Saudi Arabia between 2005 and 2007. Finally, I attained my BA in English Literature and Linguistics in the University of King Abdulaziz, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia in the period between 2002 and 2007. I have learned computer and gained knowledge in various computer packages including SPSS, PowerPoint, Internet, MS Word, MS Excel as well as English and Arabic typing skill s. Based on the knowledge and skills that I have acquired I am in a position to handle complicated issues which require application of such skills (George Mason University, 2012). I have work experience from different institutions. In the period between July 2005 and August 2005, I worked as English tutor in the Saudi Cultural Centre, Jeddah where I taught English from level one to five. Apart from teaching, I was in charge of different activities like using computer labs for the purposes of learning computer. I also taught English in the same college between July and August 2006 still holding the same responsibilities. Between august and September 2006, I worked in the Advanced System Company, Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. My role was to translate the contracts of the company from English to Arabic language. Lastly, I worked for AlHayet Newspapers, Jeddah at the customer service. My role was to receive and call back the newspaper customers in addition to filling questions and settling an y disputes which may arise (George Mason University, 2012). Apart from working for to earn something, I have gained experience through voluntary work. I worked as a librarian in the special Library for Linguistics in the University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom. This took place between the months of February and June 2008. My duties involved helping students and teachers open accounts, recording down books which have been borrowed, helping borrowers in making the choice of books which would be of great help to them, putting the books in order and finally making follow-ups of books which have not been returned. I worked for The Child Legal Center, University of Essex as a translator of English into Arabic language between the months of February and May 2008.My duty was to translate legal articles from English to Arabic language so that they can be traced for on-line use (George Mason University, 2010). My hobbies include watching all kinds of movies. I am especially more inter ested in watching comedies, drama, documentaries and novel-based movies. I am also interested in understanding the history of Russia, America, Britain, Greece and Roman. In order to achieve the goals I and some other colleagues have formed groups to discuss books which document the history of those countries. From 2008, we have been meeting once in a month for that purpose. The group is mainly formed by academic

Imagining the Impossible and Daring to Fight for it Essay

Imagining the Impossible and Daring to Fight for it - Essay Example I understood the meaning of this slogan only when we tried to start a student organization to fight against the injustices of capitalist society. The collective formed from the student organization gave us hope to dream for a brave new world with lesser exploitation and lesser oppression. It not only gave us hope but also taught us to find hope from ourselves. We realized many things which previously did not dare to imagine. We understood that we are not only the inheritors of an epoch which brings all the barbarities of past generations back to the brains of the living but also the trailblazers of a new society which is suffocating in the womb of the old. What we have in this society is merely a future of wage slavery that too is not undoubtedly because of the general capitalist tendency to keep a reserve army of proletariat. We are not only to interpret the world but also to change it since the interpretation of the world has no meaning if it is not for changing it. We are set to f ree ourselves from the society of, by and for wage slavery by knowing what is not yet known while assimilating what is already known as the wisdom of past generations. This is the only way for us to be grounded on theory and strive for the creation of a better world (not another world) by the means of concrete practice. In this society, the relations between human beings are predominantly determined by the relationship between things. Even things do not exist as things but as commodities. The end result is that human beings have also become commodities and the relationships between them are commoditized. As the members of most self conscious species, we at least deserve to have a world without the embarrassing stupidity of commercial advertisements. Nevertheless, we are aware of the tremendous transformations necessary for such a minute change. We do not have the illusion that students could lead the struggle against exploitation and

This is about my math class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

This is about my math class - Essay Example This paper will focus on a specific function in three variables. In order to make our discussion systematic, we shall divide the discussion into three cases, one for each value or range values of the given parameter. The function in focus is given by, (1) where b is the parameter of the given function. Let us first consider the trivial case in which b is equal to zero, giving us (2) . Figure 1 shows a sketch of the graph of this function. As seen from the graph, it is simply a quadric surface, generated by a parabola on the xz plane, moved along the y-axis. When taking the implicit characterization of the graph on the xyz space, we see that we come up with a line on the y-axis. Fig. 1. Graph of . Next, we take the case in which b is greater than zero. The graph of this function is an elliptic paraboloid, with the standard form , illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2. Graph of . The elliptic paraboloid is a quadric surface, with a distinctive â€Å"nose-cone† appearance. Horizontal sections of this graph turn out to be ellipses while vertical sections are parabolas, hence its name. When b is equal to one, that is, the standard form given here, horizontal sections are actually circles. Narrower ellipses are generated when b is less than 1 and wider ones are formed when b is greater than 1. Suppose we want to find the tangent plane of this function at the point (1,2). Recall that to find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface at the point , we first need to get partial derivative of f with respect to x and the partial derivative of f with respect to y and plug in the values to the formula of the tangent plane which is (3) . And so we get, Thus, the equation of the tangent plane is, Figure 3 illustrates a sketch of the graph of the function with the corresponding tangent plane at (1,2). The saddle and extremum points of the function are at the origin. Fig. 3. Graph of with tangent plane at (1,2), having the equation The last case that we will consider is when b is less than zero. Again, for the sake of simplicity, let us take the case when b is equal to -1 and make our generalizations from that case. Figure 4 shows the graph of , which is a hyperbolic paraboloid. As with the elliptic paraboloid, such a graph got its name because its horizontal sections are hyperbolas while its vertical sections are parabolas. Fig. 4. Graph of . Taking the same steps in the previous section to find the tangent plane to the graph at (1,2), we have the following calculations. Thus, the equation of the tangent plane is, Figure 5 illustrate the tangent plane of the function at (1,2). Fig. 5. Graph of with tangent plane at (1,2), having the equation The saddle point of the given function is located at the origin, and the extremum is also at the origin. In conclusion, the function generates three different kinds of graphs on the xyz space depending on the value of the parameter b. The surface generated may either be a parabola moved along the y axis whe n b is zero, an elliptic paraboloid when b is positive, or a hyperbolic paraboloid when b is negative. Traces on the two dimensional plane may be inferred from the names of their graphs, with the trace on the horizontal plane denoted by the

John bull's other island Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

John bull's other island - Essay Example al observer of ‘Irishness’ and his love-hate relationship with the English middle-class are played out by his two principal characters, Broadbent, a middle-class Englishman with a ‘colonial’ mind-set and the expatriate Irishman Doyle, who has no illusions about the Ireland of the early 20th century. A foil for the protagonists is added with the one-time priest Keagan, who is appalled by the impending land re-possessions. Regardless, Shaw has him acknowledge that maybe British efficiency may be better than ‘patriotic fools’. Shaw was somewhat dismayed by his critics failure to understand the character of Keegan, when he said â€Å"I shown the Irish saint shuddering at the humor of the Irish blackguard--only to find †¦ the average critic thought the blackguard very funny and the saint very impractical† (Shorter qtd. in Henderson 619). When the play was first performed, praise was copious - Edward VI was said to have laughed so much, his chair broke – but so was criticism, with Chesterton accusing Shaw of ‘being liable to fits of admiration for the British’, although condemning them elsewhere (Auden in Kronenberger 619) There had been other criticism and in response, Shaw allowed himself to be interviewed by The Tatler, stating that far from being frivolous, he had been deadly serious, showing †¦the Englishman to the Irishman and the Irishman to the Englishman, the Protestant to the Catholic and the Catholic to the Protestant†¦ taken that panacea for all the misery and unrest of Ireland (the Land Purchase Bill) †¦ and †¦ shown at one stroke its idiocy, its shallowness, its cowardice, its utter and foredoomed futility. (Shorter in Henderson 619). The reception of the treatment of the latter was even more mixed, which can only makes sense in the light of British ignorance of the Ireland of the early 20th century, with its large families, ‘progressively pauperized by primogeniture’, and its absentee landlords

This is about my math class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

This is about my math class - Essay Example This paper will focus on a specific function in three variables. In order to make our discussion systematic, we shall divide the discussion into three cases, one for each value or range values of the given parameter. The function in focus is given by, (1) where b is the parameter of the given function. Let us first consider the trivial case in which b is equal to zero, giving us (2) . Figure 1 shows a sketch of the graph of this function. As seen from the graph, it is simply a quadric surface, generated by a parabola on the xz plane, moved along the y-axis. When taking the implicit characterization of the graph on the xyz space, we see that we come up with a line on the y-axis. Fig. 1. Graph of . Next, we take the case in which b is greater than zero. The graph of this function is an elliptic paraboloid, with the standard form , illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2. Graph of . The elliptic paraboloid is a quadric surface, with a distinctive â€Å"nose-cone† appearance. Horizontal sections of this graph turn out to be ellipses while vertical sections are parabolas, hence its name. When b is equal to one, that is, the standard form given here, horizontal sections are actually circles. Narrower ellipses are generated when b is less than 1 and wider ones are formed when b is greater than 1. Suppose we want to find the tangent plane of this function at the point (1,2). Recall that to find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface at the point , we first need to get partial derivative of f with respect to x and the partial derivative of f with respect to y and plug in the values to the formula of the tangent plane which is (3) . And so we get, Thus, the equation of the tangent plane is, Figure 3 illustrates a sketch of the graph of the function with the corresponding tangent plane at (1,2). The saddle and extremum points of the function are at the origin. Fig. 3. Graph of with tangent plane at (1,2), having the equation The last case that we will consider is when b is less than zero. Again, for the sake of simplicity, let us take the case when b is equal to -1 and make our generalizations from that case. Figure 4 shows the graph of , which is a hyperbolic paraboloid. As with the elliptic paraboloid, such a graph got its name because its horizontal sections are hyperbolas while its vertical sections are parabolas. Fig. 4. Graph of . Taking the same steps in the previous section to find the tangent plane to the graph at (1,2), we have the following calculations. Thus, the equation of the tangent plane is, Figure 5 illustrate the tangent plane of the function at (1,2). Fig. 5. Graph of with tangent plane at (1,2), having the equation The saddle point of the given function is located at the origin, and the extremum is also at the origin. In conclusion, the function generates three different kinds of graphs on the xyz space depending on the value of the parameter b. The surface generated may either be a parabola moved along the y axis whe n b is zero, an elliptic paraboloid when b is positive, or a hyperbolic paraboloid when b is negative. Traces on the two dimensional plane may be inferred from the names of their graphs, with the trace on the horizontal plane denoted by the

Citizen Journalism compared to Professional Journalism Research Paper

Citizen Journalism compared to Professional Journalism - Research Paper Example Equipment issues as well, the entire aspect of Citizen Journalism takes a nosedive at times. However, the results that come out are astounding to state the least. Citizen Journalism is on the rise as it has brought in measures which ask of the Professional Journalism domains to be more vibrant and set things rolling in a proper way. Sadly this has not happened and for all the wrong reasons, there have been serious shortcomings in the wake of the journalism regimes. Citizen Journalism is different as it facilitates a connection between the viewers of these news channels and the organization that takes the clips and videos of the novices and amateurs to air it on television. One shall believe that Citizen Journalism is something that has brought in a good amount of success for these news channels in the time and age of today. And there is reason enough to believe such a premise. One shall believe that Citizen Journalism is indeed the twilight of the press freedom that these news channels talk about. It has helped the people to find out news items and clippings which are covered by different people from varied walks of life and has made them aware of the weaknesses that exist within any society of the world (Gade 2001). There is an important manifestation of the social issues which have come to light once the realms of Citizen Journalism have become prominent and more so with the competitive world of news channels today, this phenomenon has taken more significance now than ever before. The different coverage and techniques have included the use of a single Handycam for shooting purposes and a computer to edit the file that has been shot.

Elements of packaging Essay Example for Free

Elements of packaging Essay There are six components of packaging which consumer was asked to rank according to his preferences. Consumers have ranked the most preferred components by 1 and least preferred by 6. The data analysis for this ranking has been done by calculating the total of the response in each category. The least total will be the highly preferred attributes because it would have received first ranking more than any other. One the basis of the same we can see Colour is a component that received maximum of first rank (20), second rank (19) and third rank (13) and hence its total is least. Whereas Text is the least preferred attribute as it has received six rank 30 times and its total is maximum of all the attributes. The second attractive components for respondents were graphics followed by shape, size and material. Figure III. 11: Elements of Packaging When the preference ranking of the components of packaging was compared on the basis of gender an interesting fact came into the picture. For both the categories of respondents the preferred factor was Colour. But the following factor has been different in each case. Female on one hand preferred graphics after Colour on the other hand male preferred shape after Colour. The third preferred elements for male respondents are graphics whereas for female respondents it is packaging material. Size of the package is the fourth preferred element for female respondents while for male it is material. At last text is the element least preferred by both the gender groups. Figure III. 12: Elements of Packaging (Gender Specific) Elements of Packaging (Ethnic Background Specific). For respondents from Asian background Colour is the most important aspect of the packaging followed by shape, material, graphics, size and text respectively. Figure III. 13: Elements of Packaging (Asian) As one can see in Figure III. 14, Colour is the most important aspect for White community for packaging. Next to Colour is the graphics or images. Material of the material comes third in the preference list, followed by size, shape and text. Figure III. 14: Elements of Packaging (White) For the Black African community graphic, size and material are equally important and preferred. These are followed by Colour, shape and text of the packaging. Figure III. 15: Elements of Packaging (Black African) Respondents of Black others community feel that shape is the most important aspect of packaging followed by Colour. Graphics and size is equally important after Colour, followed by material of packaging. Text is least important component. Figure III. 16: Elements of Packaging (Black Other) Others prefer Colours most from all the aspects of packaging. It is followed by size. Shape and graphics are equally important after size o the packaging. Text is least important while material is fifth in the row. Figure III. 17: Elements of Packaging (Others) Elements of Packaging (Rank Specific) This section compares the elements o packaging and ethnic background on the basis of ranking. As seen below, colour has been ranked first by majority of Asian and White community people. Difference among various ethnic group and their preferences is evident here. Figure III. 18: Elements of Packaging (Rank 1) Asian marked shape as second on their ranking while variance within white community for this rank can be seen from the graph. Figure III. 19: Elements of Packaging (Rank 2) For rank three size has been the preferred element for Asian community where as for white it was colour graphics and size equally important. Figure III. 20: Elements of Packaging (Rank 3) Majority of respondents from White community ranked shape on fourth preferred element. Differences among various ethnic groups are evident in the figure below. Figure III. 21: Elements of Packaging (Rank 4) Text and Material are the element of packaging which were ranked fifth by majority of respondents followed by size and shape. Figure III. 22: Elements of Packaging (Rank 5) Text has been the least preferred element of packaging by most of the ethnic background. Figure III. 23: Elements of Packaging (Rank 6) I. i. Qualitative Research Qualitative research was based on the interview conducted by the researcher to the employee of Mark Spencers Ms. Trudi Barnes, who works as a packaging developer. I. i. a. Interviewing procedure The interview was based on structured questionnaire with majority of open ended question allowing the respondent think and respond on each and every question. The interview was scheduled on the post lunch hour as the crowd in the store is least during this period. Researcher noted down each and every response of the respondent with the help of pen and paper. Interview took approximately 45 minutes to complete. Respondent has been very cooperative for the interview session. It started with the general introduction about the research, its aims and objectives. The respondent has been told about her rights to withdraw from the interview if she feels uncomfortable in any way. She has been clarified that this data will be used for this particular study only and if in any case it is being utilized for any other purpose she would be informed and her consent would be taken for that. I. i. b. Interview questions The packaging developer’s job is to find out and understand the packaging requirement from the buyer and brief the internal design studio about the same. She has been converting the client specifications to the design specification and working as a link between the consumer and designer of the organization. Design studio looks at all the criteria of de3signing from the customer needs to the art work complications, design set and corporate guidelines. The packaging Developer than gets the designs from them and ensures that the packaging is appropriate for the product from technological point of view and pass it to the printer which actually prints it. As respondent states, â€Å"It’s the suppliers who pay for the packaging and we just set the design for them. † For the respondent her job is quite interesting. Her area is mainly the Menswear its accessories Footwear and Kids wear its accessories. Accessories like hats, cufflinks, watches hankies. The Colour and design is decided only by the design studio. In the month of February itself she was about to brief the autumn packaging out of which some will go into Christmas corporate design. She states â€Å"It’s the design Studio which does the research before making decision. It goes worldwide to find out the trends develop a design. † Her statement â€Å"I dont know exactly why the Colour of MS bags was changed to purple this Christmas where as last Christmas it was red. Colour palette for an occasion is picking out Colour for carrier bags the store deco. But my packaging was in Red with White Snow Flakes on it. It was also decided by the design studio (red background). † Indicates that design studio works independently without interference of any other department including her as even she is not involve in major changes done with the designs of packaging. She provides inputs to the design studio on which they work as her statement â€Å"When I put in the briefing then the design studio develop the look for Menswear/women swear but they both are treated differently as the menswear is more masculine women’s wear in more feminine. It is similar Colours but with slight difference. When asked whether or not packaging influence consumers she immediately responded â€Å"Packaging does influence customers. † She further elaborated that â€Å"They (consumers) have always challenged us to be clearer on our swing tickets. We got shout that our Natural material and fabric should shout the benefits. (Complaints like product benefits should be clear should provide all product related information)† She talked more about swing tickets which are the little card hanging of the garment. According to her it is important that the customer should get the right information about the product. She explains that impulse purchase will be different in different areas of retail organization. In her area Hankies are one of the impulse purchase made by the customers since it is quite traditional gift. She explains further â€Å"believe or not lots of hankies are sold during Christmas time. Eg: 2 packs are launched for Fathers Day. I am launching Card dispensers which will be full of hankies. We start with outstanding value hankies then the novelty new designs are coming out as well. † when asked about relationship between festivals and their products she responded â€Å"I am not too clear with the question regarding the relationship between festivals our products all right so products like cufflinks in Menswear will be in red pink or even a heart shape during Valentines. † According to her gifts are divided into various segments like corporate and personal apart from the routine segments like men’s women’s and so on. â€Å"Display box corporate design promotions are going on in the store deco. Pink Red is the Colour for these valentines especially on foods a lot many things are there. † She responded on the importance of graphics and Colours that each of these factors is equally important. According to her, â€Å"Both Colour graphics are equally important. Gift items which are put into boxes are there in Menswearso I think probably its the design/graphics that attract the customer the most the customer feels yeah I could buy this. it puts a gift idea into the customers mind. † According to the respondent success can be attached to the packaging of the product but not the failure as failure of any product will be due to product itself not its packaging. Success or failure of a product is obviously measured by the sales. Organization put constant effort to understand the reasons of drop in the sales and looks look at everything the product, packaging and what its saying on the packaging. We plan constantly. During the festival season organization focuses on various product categories on which sales is expected. Menswear mainly focus on Christmas, Valentines and the major one is the Fathers Day. Respondent agrees to the changes in Colour used for packaging during special occasions. For instance on Fathers Day the Colour is changed but she doesn’t control the decision of the Colour. It’s the design studio. Design studios show us some scenes but they do the research from design trends.

African American History :: essays research papers

Berida’s story exemplifies the issues facing women in Africa in general and Kenya in particular, especially with respect to gender and class in many ways. Berida explains in her story the hardships that women have in providing for themselves as well as their families. Some of the hardships that Berida talks about are in the article â€Å"The African and Kenyan Contexts.† The article states that, â€Å"across the continent, people of many African nations have been troubled by low levels of economic productivity, environmental degradation, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, the exigencies of structural adjustment, and the battering of declining commodity prices.† The hardships that are discussed are in the areas of education, economics, and ecological.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important issues discussed is economics. Everyone in the world today needs money to survive. Berida explains how she had to work hard day and night to provide for her for her family. She was the breadwinner in the family because her husband was an alcoholic and would spend all the money. She tried to make money any way she could. Berida and other women would go from city to city buying and selling goods for more than what they had paid for them to make a profit. Berida also worked for others, farming when she could not afford to buy and sell. When the trade business it depends on what the state of the economy is in to make good profits. African cities tend to be very poor and do not receive help from the government or other countries. All of the money that Berida made went to food, clothing, and education for her children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Compared to European Nations there are few educated people in Africa. Education in Africa is very expensive and many families cannot afford to send their children to school until they graduate. Although Berida had very little education; she did what she could to keep her children in school. Depending on how much Berida made when her trading business was good, some of her children received more education than others. Berida feels that poor families should not have too many children because a decent education costs too much. Females in most families had to stop going to school to help take care of the younger children and out their parents while the younger children go to school. The less education that one has the less chance there is of getting a decent job.

Capital Punishment has NO Place in Civilized Society :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment has no Place in Civilized Society Since our nation's founding, the government -- colonial, federal and state -- has punished murder and, until recent years, rape with the ultimate sanction: death. More than 13,000 people have been legally executed since colonial times, most of them in the early 20th Century. By the 1930s, as many as 150 people were executed each year. However, public outrage and legal challenges caused the practice to wane. By 1967, capital punishment had virtually halted in the United States, pending the outcome of several court challenges. In 1972, in _Furman v. Georgia_, the Supreme Court invalidated hundreds of scheduled executions, declaring that then existing state laws were applied in an "arbitrary and capricious" manner and, thus, violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment, and the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of equal protection of the laws and due process. But in 1976, in _ Gregg v. Georgia_, the Court resuscitated the death penalty: It ruled that the penalty "does not invariably violate the Constitution" if administered in a manner designed to guard against arbitrariness and discrimination. Several states promptly passed or reenacted capital punishment laws. Thirty-seven states now have laws authorizing the death penalty, as does the military. A dozen states in the Middle West and Northeast have abolished capital punishment, two in the last century (Michigan in 1847, Minnesota in 1853). Alaska and Hawaii have never had the death penalty. Most executions have taken place in the states of the Deep South. More than 2,000 people are on "death row" today. Virtually all are poor, a significant number are mentally retarded or otherwise mentally disabled, more than 40 percent are African American, and a disproportionate number are Native American, Latino and Asian. The ACLU believes that, in all circumstances, the death penalty is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment, and that its discriminatory application violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Here are the ACLU's answers to some questions frequently raised by the public about capital punishment. Doesn't the Death Penalty deter crime, especially murder? No, there is no credible evidence that the death penalty deters crime. States that have death penalty laws do not have lower crime rates or murder rates than states without such laws. And states that have abolished capital punishment, or instituted it, show no significant changes in either crime or murder rates. Claims that each execution deters a certain number of murders have been discredited by social science research. The death penalty has no deterrent effect on most murders because people commit murders largely in the heat of passion, and/or under the influence of alcohol or drugs, giving little thought

Business: Marketing and Soft Drink Industry Essay

Q. 1 How would you characterize the dip category in general? Q. 2 How might the dip category be segmented? Q. 3 What is Frito Lays Competitive Position within the segments it pursues? Q. 4 What sales volume and market share(s) will be required of the dip line to preserve its profit contribution given budgeted promotion expenses? Q. 5 What are the pros and cons of focusing attention on the â€Å"chip dip† segment? Q. 6 What are the pros and cons of focusing attention on the â€Å"vegetable dip segment? Additional Suggested Readings for this case: a) Edward M. Tauber, (1988) â€Å"Brand Leverage: Strategy for Growth in a Cost-controlled World† Journal of Advertising Research, Sept-Oct, pp. 26-30 b) Peter H. Farquhar et. al. (1992) â€Å"Strategies for Leveraging Master Brands†, Marketing Research, Sept. , pp. 32-43. ******************************* Ch. 5 : Proctor and Gamble, Inc: Scope : Pg. 173 Q. 1 What significant changes have occurred in the Canadian mouthwash market in the last three years? Q. 2 How would you evaluate the performance of scope in the past three years? Q. 3 What are the pros and cons of the options available for scope? Q. 4 Prepare a Marketing plan for the forthcoming year. ******************************* Ch. 6 : Cadbury Beverages, Inc: Crush brand : Pg 249 Q. 1 How would you characterize the carbonated soft drink industry in the US? Q. 2 How would you describe the changes in the orange category during the period 1985 to 1989? What can be learned from these changes? Q. 3 What is Cadbury Beverages relative competitive position in the U. S. soft drink industry? In the orange categody? Q. 4 Based on your assessment of the soft drink industry, the orange flavored category, and the competitive situation of Cadbury beverages and orange crush, what is your recommendation for positioning orange CRUSH? Q. 5 What objectives should be set for CRUSH advertising and promotion program? What strategies should be pursued? Q. 6 How much should be spent for advertising and promotion to relaunch orange CRUSH? Extra Clues For Case Analysis: 1) Do not overlook the actual size of the orange category. Remember the total market is 2. 5 times supermarket volume. Further, Do not overlook the notion of â€Å"served market†. This is important since orange CRUSH has the lowest (bottler) market coverage of the major competitors. 2) Your recommendations relating to positioning and advertising / promotion programs should be rationally thought out based on careful articulation of industry and product-market dynamics, competitive behavior, and the concentrate producer price-cost structure. ******************************* Ch. 7 : Dell Computer Corporation: The Higher Education Market : Pg 316 Q. 1 How would one characterize Dell Computer Corporation? Q. 2 From where does ESL Business Unit obtain its revenue? Q. 3 How would one describe the higher education market for computers? Q. 4 How well does Dell Computer’s marketing approach â€Å"fit† the higher education market? Q. 5 What should Dell Computer do and Why? ******************************* Ch. 8 : Southwest Airlines : Pg 393 Q. 1 How would you characterize the US Airline industry in the early 1990s Q. 2 How can the economics of the airline industry be used to explain the performance of individual airlines and the industry as a whole? Q. 3 How is it that Southwest Airlines has been able to consistently grow and prosper in the US passenger airline industry? Q. 4 How would you describe United’s goals, objectives and strategy for â€Å"Shuttle by United†? Q. 5 How has Southwest Airlines responded to the â€Å"Shuttle by United† initiative? What assessments can be made about Southwest’s market and financial position on competitive routes based on 1994 Fourth Quarter Results? Q. 6 Based on your assessments, how would you interpret United’s decision to a) discontinue â€Å"Shuttle by United† service for the Oakland-Ontario market, and b) raise the one-way walk up first class and coach fare on all 14 â€Å"Shuttle by United† routes by $10. 00? Q. 7 How should Southwest Airlines Respond, if at all, to the â€Å"Shuttle by United† decision to change its service and price? Why? ******************************* Ch. 9 : Amazon. com: Winning the Online Book Wars : pg 495 Q. 1 Amazon. com is a retailer. How, in general, do retailers generate revenues and profits and grow and compete? Q. 2 Describe the nature of competitive rivalry in e-commerce retailing for consumer products in early 1998. How do e-commerce retailers (e-tailers) compete, thrive and survive? Q. 3 How would you describe amazon. com’s customer value proposition, distinctive competency and core marketing strategy? Q. 4 Can amazon. com tweak its business model to make a profit on book sales in 1998? What can the company do? Q. 5 How can Amazon. com grow profitably? What strategy do you recommend for a two- to five- year horizon? ******************************* Ch. 10 : Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc: Rogain Hair Regrowth Treatment : Pg. 560 Q. 1 How would you characterize various treatments for balding? Why do people use these treatments? Q. 2 How effective is Rogaine as a treatment for balding and for whom? Q. 3 How will the buying process for non-prescription Rogaine differ from the buying process for prescription rogaine? Q. 4 Describe and explain the U. S. sales performance of Rogaine through 1995. Was the marketing objective of â€Å"maximizing† sales of Rogaine in the US market achieved? Q. 5 How realistic is the belief, expressed by Pharmacia & Upjohn Officials, that non-prescription Rogain (minoxidil) sales of $1 billion were possible over five years given the marketing program for the brand? Q. 6 How might the loss of U. S. patent protection and marketing exclusively enjoyed by Rogaine since its introduction and competition from generic products affect sales of the Rogaine brand? Q. 7 Will the U. S. marketing strategy developed for non-prescription Rogaine prior to the FDA’s recent rulings need to be modified? If so, how?

Comparing and Contrasting Detective Stories Essay

The Blue Carbuncle written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in pre 1914 and Indemnity Only from the V I Warshawski series written by Sara Paretsky in 1987 are good examples of the evolution of detective stories. The character, setting, genre and language have changed completely over this large period of time. But each story was very interesting to the people of that time so obviously something would be different. The detective genre has been going for ages now since crime started and it has changed over time because of what a detective does and what crimes are committed. The Blue Carbuncle is one of the short stories for the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and as you already know is was written very long ago but Indemnity Only was only written a few years ago and is still well known. In the olden days detective stories would involve a person who would leave different clues to make a puzzle but nowadays we just find the clues and catch the criminal so there is less suspense involved in the plot. The characters in The Blue Carbuncle are very different to the characters in Indemnity Only because in pre 1914 most people involved in a detective story were aristocrats and were very posh. But nowadays people in a detective story tend to have more casual people. In the Blue Carbuncle the main character is Sherlock Holmes who is known for being quite posh. He is very secretive and serious about things while the main character in Indemnity Only is V I Warshawski is very open and can be sarcastic during a case. Holmes seems to be a very wise detective but V I Warshawski seems to be just a normal gather the clues and crack the case detective. But I think the reason for that is because nowadays there is more technology to help solve the crime than there was in pre 1914. In Indemnity Only the setting is in Chicago in United States of America so it is quite a known area. The Blue Carbuncle is set in the countryside but does not state where. Sometimes the reader finds it helpful to know where the setting is. Chicago is well known for its industries and pizzas but sometimes for crime while the countryside is known for peace and beautiful scenery so a crime story is quite difficult to build in the countryside. Also technology was not as advance. Often crimes involve hi tech gadgets and top of the range cars while the equivalent in the olden days would have been a musket and a horse carriage. Language has changed quite a lot. Nowadays there seems to be more comedy in the story than n pre 1914. In Indemnity Only V I Warshawski seems very funny and sarcastic while Sherlock Holmes would rarely put a feeble joke. But both stories build up suspense. In Indemnity Only it build up suspense by repetition and short sentences while in The Blue Carbuncle it builds up suspense by Sherlock Holmes interviewing each suspect and each of them giving him something interesting. Also in Indemnity Only it uses sensational language. This is language that appeals to the five senses.  In my conclusion it is obvious that there has been a lot of change during many years to detective stories and these mainly because of the evolution of Earth over that period of time. But some detective stories now are like the ones in pre 1914 because the author is old or was brought up during the olden days.

Logic

Is communication e cattle without the logical connectives such as or, ND, implies, not, if and only if ? [200 words] 5. Why we treat mathematical truths as certain? Why in logic we me- aphasia on autologies† 2 rather than contradictions? [200 words] (Consistency) an attribute of a logical system that Is so constituted that none of the propositions deducible from the axioms contradict one another 4. [n] – a harmonious uniformity or agreement among things or parts Tautology: a statement that is necessarily true (like 2+2-4) 1 6. What is wrong with the following argument?The more you study, the more you learn. The more you learn, the more you know. The more you know, the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. The less you know, the less you learn. So, why study? 7. Analyze the following argument: God is All Powerful, omnipotent and omniscient. If God can do anything, can He create something that even He can't a etc? (e: A stone so heavy that He can't lift It) God can do anything that Is Possible. Even God can't do something that Is not possible to be done Can God create a stone so heavy that even He can not lift it? 8.In a harsh totalitarian country an innocent person is arrested on Sunday evening and Marilyn condemned to execution, which they are told will take place on one of the following eve mornings. To make matters worse, they are told that they will not know the day before which morning it will be. After several hours torment the prisoner fails into a peaceful sleep as they realize that such a threat cannot be carried out. They reasoned thus: The execution cannot take place on Friday morning; for if they are still alive on Thursday night then the execution must take place on Friday.But they were told that they would not know the day before which day it would be. So it cannot be Friday, and so Friday can be counted out as a possibility. But by the same reasoning it cannot be Thursday either. For if they are still alive on Wedn esday night then the execution must take place on Thursday. But they were told that they would not know the day before which day it would be. So it cannot be Thursday, and so Thursday can be counted out as a possibility. But by the same reasoning it cannot be Wednesday either†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The same reasoning covers Wednesday, Tuesday and Monday and so the prisoner can have a sound nights sleep.The prisoner is, however, greatly surprised to ND themselves facing the executioner on Wednesday (or indeed any other) morning. What went wrong with the prisoner's reasoning? Write down the steps clearly and show how paradox 3 arises in the above situation? Paradox: An apparently sound argument leading to a contradiction. Some famous 2 PHI 142: Introduction to Logic Mid Semester Exam Date: 19 February 2013 Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kanata Answer all of the following questions. Write answers in a separate booklet.Max. Marks: 30 Time: 2 hours; 1 7. 30-19. 30 PM We may define faith as the firm belief in something for which there is no evidence. Where there is evidence, no one speaks of . We do not speak of faith that two and two are four or that the earth is round. We only speak of faith when we wish to substitute emotion for evidence. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Bertrand Russell Answer whether the following statements are True or False. Justify it prefer- ably with a very short answer. 1. The following argument is valid: If computers can reason, they can ask questions. Computers can reason.Therefore, computers can ask questions . The following argument is an instance of Fallacy of accident fallacy . † Oh my lord, don't take any courses in the biology department not even as open elective, as they are really tough and terrible. I took EBBS:322 and it was a disaster. † 3. The categorical propositions, All who are non intelligent are non-college students and all who are college students are intelligent are contradictory to each other 4. I am sure that you will agree that we should not vote Mr.. Panky Saxons for the next presidential elections in this hostel.If he gets elected, we will all be deprived of mom of the privileges that we are enjoying at this moment. Anyone not agreeing with this will be fired immediately from this wing A-top. In the above argument, the arguer is said to be committing straw-man fallacy. 5. False Cause fallacy is committed when the conclusion rests on the presumption of a causal link between two phenomena, when in fact all that has been shown is a correlation. No concepts are expressive intuitions on aversion converts to All concepts are non- expressive intuitions 7.The categorical propositions, All logic students are bright people No logic students are non-bright people re contradictory to each other. 8. The following argument is invalid If Newton's theory is correct, then light should not be deflected by gravity. In this experiment, we can see that light is deflected by gravity . Therefore, Newton's theory is not correct PHI 142: Introduction to Logic Mid Semester Exam Date: 19 February 2013 2. Which of the following passages contains arguments and which are not I. E. , Non-arguments 1 . If there is one theme that will be the topic of digital business this year, it is mobile.Commerce, which tracks Web and mobile usage, published a report about what hap- need in 2012, and what to expect in 2013. It shows that the effects of a movement toward mobile are everywhere, from shopping to media to search. According to the report, â€Å"2013 could spell a very rocky economic transition,† and businesses will have to scramble to stay ahead of consumers changing behavior (anytime. Com). 2. Ordinary glass is soda lime glass and is a mixture of silicates of sodium, potassium, calcium and aluminum etc. It is brittle because its molecular structure is composed of tetrahedral crystals.These crystals do not have a good large area orderly resealing structure. 3. People are not free, although human freedom has been highly prized throughout our history. Its value is affirmed by religious doctrines. Civil and criminal Justice systems incorporate the idea that behavior is freely chosen into sentencing guidelines. Clearly it has been an important concept in many areas of human activity. 3. Identify the type of Fallacy of Weak Induction from the following arguments 1 . I cracked most of my crucial exams (board exams) in the past while wearing my green tea shirt and writing an exam with my parker pen.Therefore, green color tea hire with a parker pen is a lucky combination and brought lot of success. Hence I should not forget to take it when I go for an exam again for achieving success in the exam. 2. If once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing; and from robbing he comes next to drinking and Sabbath breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination. Once begin upon this downward path, you never know whe re you are to stop. Many a man has dated his ruin from some murder or other that perhaps he thought little of at the time. 3.Famous theologian William Palely argument from design suggests that a watch and the universe are similar as both display order and complexity. If order and complexity constitute evidence of design in the case of a watch, though, then they must also constitute evidence of the product of intelligent design that the universe must be a product of intelligent design too. 4. In 1742, Christian Goldberg conjectured that every even number greater than 2 is the sum of two primes. Mathematicians have been trying to prove Schoolbag's conjecture ever since, but no one has succeeded in doing so.After two and a half entries, I think we can safely conclude that Goldberg was wrong. 4. Identify the type of Fallacies of Relevance 4 committed by the following arguments. Justify your answer with a brief explanation 1 . Social Security old age benefits ensure you can retire with d ignity. If you become injured or are unable to work, Social Security disability benefits will help keep you afloat. But, Mrs.. Sheila's arguments against cuts in Social Security are worthless. As a recipient of Social Security benefits, she would naturally be expected to argue exactly the way she does. Page 2 of 4